Wednesday, August 5, 2015

Structural Planning




When design a structural elements of a structure, main thing is soil type. Foundation type is depend on soil type. Simply there have many laboratory test has to done.
For example: One is Triaxial test. This test done for clay type soil. For sand direct shear test has to be done.

Borehole test.

For borehole test normally we do Standard Penetration Test (SPT).

For SPT used 150mm diameter tube. This tube is driven to the ground using hammer. The weight of this hammer is 5.9T. The drop height is 1.5m. After 0.5m penetration, take the sample out and then again place the tube in same place and do the test. Each 0.5m penetration take out the sample. Count how many drops needed to penetrate 0.5m depth.
Soil type classification.


Example graph of SPT


How to justify the soil type at site.

First take the soil sample by using hand. Then drop the soil sample freely. If soil particles are stick in palm, it is sand. If not stick soil type is silt or clay. For identify whether its clay or silt, there have another trick. Take that soil sample in to palm and drop water to it. If particles move towards hand, it is a silt. If not clay.

N = No of drops

            N>50 – Rock
            N, 30-50 – Very sense soil
            N, 10-30 – Loose soil
            N<10 – Not appropriate for construction

Soil has to be removed up to N is 30.
If it is a pad foundation N should be greater than 30 below to 1.5B (B is the width of the pad)



 A= Foot print
a= Total foot print
If a > 50%A, Rafter foundation is needed.


Strength of soil.

Safe Bearing Capacity of Different Soil
Non-Cohesive soil
Cohesive Soil
Type of Soil
Values in kN/m2
Type of Soil
Values in kN/m2
Gravel, Sand and Gravel Compact offering high resistance to penetration when excavated by tool
450
Soft shale, hard or stiff clay in deep bed, dry
450
Coarse Sand Compact and Dry
450
Medium clay readily indented with a thumb nail
250
Medium Sand Compact and Dry
250
Moist clay and sand clay mixture which can be indented with strong thumb pressure
150
Fine Sand, Silt (dry lumps) easily pulverized by the fingers
150
Black cotton soil or other shrinkable or expansive clay in dry condition (50% saturation)
150
Fine sand, loose and dry
100
Soft clay indented with moderate thumb pressure
100
Very soft clay which can be penetrated several inches with the thumb
50


Structural elements planning.

Beam length for each type.

Beam Type
Cantilevers (meters)
Simply Supported (meters)
Fixed/Continuous (meters)
Rectangular
3
6
8
Flanged
5
10
12


Slab length of each type.
Support Condition
Cantilevers (meters)
Simply Supported (meters)
Fixed/Continuous (meters)
Slab Type
One way
Two way
One way
Two way
One way
Two way
Max. Span in meters
1.5
2.0
3.5
4.5
4.5
6.6

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